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Grade 12 Chemistry

Course Overview:
 

Grade 12 Chemistry expands students' understanding of chemical principles by exploring the relationships between molecular structure, chemical properties, and chemical reactions. Students study organic chemistry, the structure and properties of matter, energy changes and reaction rates, chemical equilibrium, and electrochemistry through scientific inquiry and quantitative analysis. The course develops advanced problem-solving, laboratory, and analytical skills while demonstrating how chemistry contributes to medicine, engineering, environmental sustainability, and modern technology. It also prepares students for university programs requiring a strong background in chemistry.

Unit 3 — Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Energy changes in chemical reactions

  • Enthalpy

  • Calorimetry

  • Hess’s law

  • Bond energies

  • Rates of chemical reactions

  • Collision theory

  • Factors affecting reaction rates

  • Catalysts and activation energy

unit 1 — Organic Chemistry
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Structures and properties of organic compounds

  • Naming organic compounds

  • Hydrocarbons and functional groups

  • Isomers

  • Organic chemical reactions

  • Polymers and polymerization

  • Applications of organic compounds

  • Effects of organic substances on health and the environment

Unit 2 — Structure and Properties of Matter
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Quantum-mechanical model of the atom

  • Atomic orbitals and electron configurations

  • Chemical bonding theories

  • Molecular shapes

  • Polarity

  • Intermolecular forces

  • Relationship between molecular structure and physical properties

  • Applications of atomic and molecular technologies

Unit 5 — Electrochemistry
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Oxidation and reduction

  • Oxidation numbers

  • Balancing redox reactions

  • Galvanic or voltaic cells

  • Electrolytic cells

  • Standard electrode potentials

  • Batteries and fuel cells

  • Corrosion and corrosion prevention

  • Industrial and environmental applications of electrochemistry

Unit 4 — Chemical Systems and Equilibrium
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium

  • Equilibrium constants

  • Le Châtelier’s principle

  • Factors that shift equilibrium

  • Acid–base equilibrium

  • pH and ionization constants

  • Buffers

  • Solubility equilibrium

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