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Grade 12 Biology

Course Overview:
 

Grade 12 Biology provides an in-depth study of the biological processes that occur within living systems at the molecular, cellular, and population levels. Students investigate biochemistry, metabolic processes, molecular genetics, homeostasis, and population dynamics to understand how organisms function, adapt, and interact with their environment. Through scientific investigation and critical analysis, students develop advanced biological knowledge and research skills while exploring the applications of biology in medicine, biotechnology, environmental science, and human health.

Unit 1 — Biochemistry
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Chemical properties of biological molecules

  • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

  • Functional groups in biological compounds

  • Structure and function of macromolecules

  • Enzymes and enzyme activity

  • Biochemical reactions within cells

  • Applications of biochemistry in medicine, food, and pharmaceuticals

Unit 3 — Molecular Genetics
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Structure and function of DNA

  • DNA replication

  • Transcription

  • Translation and protein synthesis

  • Regulation of gene expression

  • Mutations

  • Recombinant DNA and biotechnology

  • Social, legal, and ethical implications of genetic research

Unit 2 — Metabolic Processes
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Energy transfer in living systems

  • ATP and energy-carrying molecules

  • Cellular respiration

  • Glycolysis and aerobic respiration

  • Photosynthesis

  • Oxidation–reduction reactions in metabolism

  • Factors affecting metabolic processes

Unit 4 — Homeostasis
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Principles of homeostasis

  • Negative and positive feedback mechanisms

  • Nervous-system regulation

  • Endocrine-system regulation

  • Regulation of blood glucose

  • Water balance and kidney function

  • Temperature regulation

  • Effects of chemicals and environmental factors on homeostasis

Unit 5 — Population Dynamics
 

Main Topics Include:
 

  • Population size, density, and distribution

  • Exponential and logistic population growth

  • Carrying capacity and limiting factors

  • Predator–prey and other population interactions

  • Human population growth

  • Resource consumption and waste production

  • Ecological footprints

  • Population growth and environmental sustainability

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